El término cuerpo amigdaloide en la terminología médica / The term amygdaloid body in medical terminology

RESUMEN: En terminología médica el término amígdala cerebral es utilizado para denominar a la estructura que según la Terminologia Neuroanatomica y Terminologia Anatomica se conoce como cuerpo amigadaloide, la cual está constituida por diversos núcleos y es responsable de las emociones, el comportamiento, regulación de la ansiedad, la agresión, el miedo, la memoria emocional, la cognición social y las respuestas al estrés. Siendo la amígdala cerebral una estructura tan importante el objetivo de este estudio fue: analizar el significado del término amígdala cerebral en la Terminologia Neuronatomica y en la Terminologia Anatomica y contrastar si el origen de sus raíces greco latinas concuerdan con la función de esta estructura acorde con los requerimientos de la FIPAT. Para ello se consultó los diccionarios de la Lengua Española, Diccionario DGE Griego Español, Diccionario VOX Griego Español, Diccionario Médico, Biológico, Histológico y Etimológico de la Universidad de Salamanca y Diccionario de Términos Médicos de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina, así como algunos artículos y libros clásicos de anatomía. Los resultados indicaron que el término amígdala tiene el mismo significado en griego como en latín, en donde ἀμυγδαλέα, ἀμυγδαλέας (pr. amygdaléa, amygdaléas) es el árbol del almedro y ἀμυγδάλη, ἀμυγδάλης (pr. amygdále, amygdáles) significa almendra. Conociendo tanto la anatomía como la fisiología de esta estructura su forma no se asemeja a la de una almendra y su denominación actual no está acorde con los requerimientos de la FIPAT por lo cual consideramos que esta debe ser revisada.

SUMMARY: In medical terminology the term brain amygdala is used to refer to the structure that according to the Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Anatomica is known as the amydaloid body, which is made up of various nuclei and is responsible for emotions, behavior, regulation of the anxiety, aggression, fear, emotional memory, social cognition, and responses to stress. Being the cerebral amygdala such an important structure, the objective of this study was: to analyze the meaning of the term cerebral amygdala in Terminologia Neuroanatomica and in Terminologia Anatomica and to contrast if the origin of its Greek Latin roots agrees with the function of this structure according to the requirements of the FIPAT. For this, the dictionaries of the Royal Spanish Academy, the DGE Greek Spanish Dictionary, the VOX Greek Spanish Dictionary, the Medical, Biological, Histological and Etymological Dictionary of the University of Salamanca, the Dictionary of the Royal National Academy of Medicine, as well as some articles and classic books of anatomy. The results indicated that the term amygdala has the same meaning in Greek as in Latin, where? ἀμυγδαλέα, ἀμυγδαλέας (pr. Amygdaléa, amygdaléas) is the almond tree andἀμυγδάλη, ἀμυγδάλης (pr. amygdále, amygdáles) means almond. Knowing both the anatomy and the physiology of this structure, its shape does not resemble that of an almond and its current name is not in accordance with the requirements of the FIPAT, for which we consider that it should be revised.

Medical Japanese Class for Second-year International Students: Collaboration between Medical Faculty and Japanese Instructors / 医学教育

The International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine accepts 20 international students every year. In this paper, we report on the practice of “Medical Japanese Class” for these international students. The “Medical Japanese Class” is a class in which students learn medical terminology through listening, speaking, reading, and writing activities, and make presentations in Japanese based on the knowledge they have learned in English. This is a combination of the Language for Specific Purposes model and the Sheltered model, of Content-Based Language Instruction. We designed and implemented a lesson in which Japanese instructors used medical materials to introduce medical terminology and expressions. Medical faculty checked the application and correctness of medical content.

Exploring the teaching strategies of medical terminology / 中华医学教育探索杂志

This paper explores the teaching methods of medical English terminology from three aspects: vertical and horizontal learning thinking style, DAR(division, analysis and reading) three-step terminology reading process, and diverse comparative vocabulary learning methods. In the teaching, students are guided to establish a framework of terminology learning in a macroscopic level, to interpret medical step by step and to use some of the comparative learning methods in ordinary English vocabulary learning to consolidate the learning and memory of medical terms. Through these three aspects of teaching guidance, students are helped to weave their medical terminology learning framework, to build a terminology learning library, and to turn terminology learning and application into a lasting and effective learning process.

Discrepancies in general surgery medical terminology between South and North Korea / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to categorize surgery-related medical terminologies used in South and North Korea and to compare and analyze discrepancies observed in the terms. METHODS: This study collected medical terminology used in the North Korean medical book “Surgery” and compared it to medical terminology found in the medical glossary of South Korea. The order of the subtitle was described according to the Instruction to Authors. RESULTS: In total, there were 2,168 individual medical terms, of which only 1,004 words (46.3%) were identical to South Korean medical terms. There were 581 similar terms (26.8%), 265 different terms (12.2%), and 318 terms that are nonexistent in South Korea (14.7%). CONCLUSION: Less than half of the medical terms used in North Korea match those used in South Korea. It is expected that the prolongation of the current division of South and North Korea will only worsen this discrepancy. Further efforts to bridge the gap through academic exchange between South Korea and North Korea are required in preparation for an era of reunification.

Usos diversos de los epónimos en Medicina / Various uses of eponyms in Medicine

Los epónimos vienen siendo utilizados desde hace siglos. Su uso habitual constituye una de las características del lenguaje de las ciencias médicas y está extendido a todas las especialidades, formando parte de su cultura y de la historia de la Medicina. Se abordan los epónimos en el campo de varias especialidades médicas, así como el debate científico a favor y en contra de su uso, considerando que no son pocas las voces que apoyan su erradicación total; esto es algo que todavía resulta difícil pensar, ya que se cree que los epónimos aportan más de lo que podrían ofrecer otros recursos lingüísticos. Se reconoce la existencia de epónimos cubanos, que no se han estudiado lo suficiente (AU).

Eponyms have been used during centuries. Their common use is one of the characteristics of the medical sciences language, reaches all the specialties, and is part of the Medicine culture and history. The use of eponyms in the field of several medical specialties is approached and also the scientific dispute in favor or against their use, taking into consideration that no few voices back their total eradication; it is still something difficult to understand because it is believed that eponyms are more fruitful than what is offered by other linguistic resources. The existence of Cuban eponyms that are still not sufficiently studied is recognized (AU).

Cooperation and Conflict: Faction Problem of Western Medicine Group in Modern China / 의사학

After the defeat of the Opium War and the Sino-Japanese War, China's intellectuals realized necessity of modernization (Westernization) to survive in the imperial order of the survival of the fittest. In particular, it was urgent to accept Western medicine and train the doctors who learned Western medicine to change the sick and weary Chinese to be robust. Thus, new occupations of the Western Medicine Group (xiyi, doctors who learned Western medicine) emerged in China. As with the first profession, the new Western Medicine Group tried to define standards of Western medicine and medical profession; however, it was difficult in the absence of the strong central government. In addition, they formed a faction by the country where they studied or the language they learned. The factions included the Britain - America faction(yingmeipai) consisting of the Britain - America studied doctors or graduates from Protestant missions based medical schools, and the Germany - Japan faction(deripai), graduates from medical schools by Japanese or German government and the Chinese government. In 1915, they founded the National Medical Association of China mainly consisting of the Britain - America faction and the National Medical and Pharmaceutical Association of China led by the Germany – Japan faction. Initially, exchanges were active so most of eminent doctors belonged the two associations at the same time. They had a consciousness of a common occupation group as a doctor who had learned Western medicine. Thus, they actively cooperated to keep their profits against Chinese medicine and enjoy their reputation. Their cooperation emitted light particularly in translation of medical terms and unified works. Thanks to cooperation, the two associations selected medical terminologies by properly using the cases of the West and Japan. Additionally, medical schools of the Britain - America faction and the Germany – Japan faction produced various levels of the Western Medicine Group doctors for China to timely respond to the rapidly increased demand. However, a conflict over the promotion of hygiene administration and the unification, organization of medical education did not end. This conflict was deepening as the Nanjing nationalist government promoted sanitary administration. It was the Britain - America faction who seized a chance of victory. It was because figures from the Britain - America faction held important positions in the hygiene department. Of course, some related to the National Medical and Pharmaceutical Association of China were also involved in the hygiene department; however, most took charge of simple technical tasks, not having a significant impact on hygiene administration. To solve the problem of factions of the Western Medicine Group, the Britain - America faction or the Germany - Japan faction had to arrange the education system with a strong power, or to organize a new association of two factions mixed, as in Chinese faction(zhonghuapai). But an effort of the Britain - America faction to unify the systems of medical schools did not reach the Germany - Japan faction's medical schools. Additionally, from 1928, executives of the two Chinese medical associations discussed their merger; however they could not agree because of practitioners'interests involved. Substantially, a conflict between factions of the Western Medicine Group continued even until the mid-1930s. This implies that the then Chinese government had a lack of capacity of uniting and organizing the medical community.

Historical Study of the Etymological Form and Translational Process of Gout (Tongfeng) / 의사학

This study aims to address questions regarding the translation of 'gout' into 'tongfeng' in East Asia. To this end, the formation process of the origins, 'gout' from Western medicine and 'tongfeng' from Oriental medicine, and the translational process were investigated through the relevant records and literature dating from the 16th century on. Symptoms associated with gout were originally mentioned in ancient Egypt and various terminologies were used to refer to gout, such as podagra, cheiragra and gonogra. The word 'gout', which is derived from Latin, was used for the first time in the 13th century. The reason for this linguistic alteration is thought to be the need for a comprehensive term to cover the various terms for gout in symptomatic body parts, since it can occur concurrently in many joints. However, it took hundreds of years before gout was independently established as a medical term. In oriental medicine, terms describing diseases with features similar to gout include bibing, lijiefeng, baihufeng and tongfeng. Among them, the concept of 'tongfeng' has been established since the Jin and Yuan dynasties. The cause, prevention and various treatments for tongfeng were proposed throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties. The early translation of gout and tongfeng in East Asia, respectively, is estimated to have occurred in the 18th century. The first literature translating gout in China was 'An English and Chinese Vocabulary in the Court Dialect (yinghua yunfu lijie)'. From the publication of this book until the late 19th century, gout was translated into an unfamiliar Chinese character 'Jiu feng jiao', likely because the translation was done mostly by foreign missionaries at the time, and they created a new word on the basis of Western medicine instead of researching and translating similar diseases in oriental medicine. In Japan, the first book translating gout was 'A Pocket Dictionary of the English and Japanese Language (Eiwa taiyaku shuchin jisho)', Japan's the first English-Japanese translation dictionary. In this book, gout was translated into tongfeng, a word adopted from oriental medicine. These differences from China are thought to be caused by Rangaku doctors, who, influenced by oriental medicine in the Jin and Yuan dynasties, played an important role in translating medical terminology at that time.

The establishment of medical terms in Korea

The first Medical Terminology was published by the Korean Medical Association in 1977 in Korea. Since then 4 more editions of Medical Terminology have been published. The final one, the 5th edition was published in 2009. Among these, in the 3rd edition, almost all of the medical terms were words in Chinese characters. In contrast, the 4th edition had been completely changed. Almost all of the terms were Hangul (Korean language) terms. The 5th edition accepted both terms in Chinese characters and Hangul terms. Owing to this major shift in medical terminology, users of medical terms have been greatly inconvenienced. At present, the Medical Terminology Committee of the Korean Medical Association are carrying out the work of selecting the representative term for each medical term. Medical terms should be easily understandable because medical terms are used by lay people as well as medical doctors. For easy and efficient communication between the doctor and the patient, it is not important whether the term is in Chinese characters or Hangul terms. The work of selecting representative terms should be carried out in rational way. Close communication and cooperation between the Medical Terminology Committee of the Korean Medical Association and each academic medical society in the Republic of Korea is necessary for consistency in establishing medical terminology. A system for collection and translation of medical terms newly coined and imported from abroad should be developed.

Principle and Technique for Refinement and Creation of Medical Terminology: Focus on Dermatological Terminologies / 대한피부과학회지

In the Korean language, half of the words originated from Chinese characters, while the other half are from native origins. Since the introduction of Hangul (Korean alphabet consists of 24 characters) with policy by the government after the second-world war, it has dramatically decreased the illiteracy rates within a relatively short period of time in our society. However, since the Japanese colonial period, many professional terminologies which still have its origins from Chinese characters are being used until today. The major issue is that professional terminologies including medical ones are quite difficult for common people to understand, despite their level of education. One aspect is that professional people are using too many sophisticated Chinese characters beyond the limits imposed by the government (1,800 common Chinese characters). In addition, Chinese characters expressed in Hangul are sometimes difficult to understand because of the same pronunciation from different Chinese characters. Since the introduction of medical insurance by the Korean government, most people in our society have benefited cheap medical care. Therefore, easy communication between doctors and patients are becoming mandatory, which is the rationale of developing ideal Korean medical terminology to answer the society's needs. The Korean Medical Association has encouraged the developments of simple and elegant medical terminologies for a very long time, and dramatic refinements of them have been made for the past 20 years. However, in reality, the majority of terminologies are still not unified because of strong conflicts between conservatism and liberalism toward the changes. The author recently published a monograph with an anatomist and a linguist, which contains the principles and techniques for refinement and creation in order to make easy and elegant medical terminologies with plenty of examples. From the article, the author intended to introduce many examples including conflicts solving strategies in the field of dermatology.

Strategies of teaching medical English terminology for medical English major students in medical school / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The aim of this paper is to introduce the status quo of teaching medical English terminology for the students of medical English major in medical school and some strategies applied for improving the teaching quality of medical English terminology such as adding background knowledge,motivating learners' interest,optimizing teaching contents,using visual instruction by using internet and multimedia,and developing students' autonomic learning ability in learning medical vocabulary.

Investigations of the use of Medical Terms of Chinese Medical Journal / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Aimto investigate the use of medical terms in Chinese Medical Journal.Methods Through the Chinese Medical Association area of WANGFANG datebase,we selected the nonstandard nomenclature of 100 medical terms as keywords,all the fields as Search Options and Journal of Chinese Medical Association as Journal categories to trace articles in periodicals from 2006 to 2010.ResultsSome journals still use nonstandard nomenclature,79％ of the 100 nonstandard nomenclature were used.Standard nomenclature and nonstandard nomenclature were used interchangeably in 80％ of the top 10 medical terms.ConclusionsIt is not optimistic about the use of Standard nomenclature in Chinese Medical Journal.Great attention shall be paid to the standard use of medical terms.The article analyzed the reasons about the use of nonstandard nomenclature and proposed measures to change the status.

The establishment of audio medical English terminology corpus and its use in the terminology teaching to medical students / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Medical students should study and enlarge their medical terminology from their medical English courses as well as bilingual courses. This ability is a key part in the cultivation of high-levelled medical talents.However,medical words are special from general English in three parts:long,great in numbers and difficult to read.These characteristics leave the medical students in a hard situation in their promotion of medical terminology.If the students are provided and guided with a convenient and efficient software based on modem education technology,they can achieve much better results.The audio medical English terminology corpus can help the medical students achieve their goal in promotion of medical termi-nology.

Comparison on the Embryological Terms between the Korean Veterinary Anatomical Terminology (2008) and the Korean Anatomical Terminology (1996)/the Korean Medical Association: Medical Terminology (2009) / 한국실험동물학회지

Since the first edition of the Korean Veterinary Anatomical Terminology (KVAT) in 1993, the new edition of KVAT has been revised and harmonized with the recent version of the Korean-English Anatomical Terminology (KAT, 1996 and 2005). The Korean Association of Veterinary Anatomists (KAVA) had been decided the new revised edition based on the Japanese-English Veterinary Anatomical Terminology (JVAT, third edition, 2000) at the first. The references had been changed from JVAT (2000) into the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV, fifth edition, 2005) and the Nomina Embryologica Veterinaria (NEV, revised second edition, 2006) except the Nomina Histologica (NH, revised 2nd edition, 1994). Terminologia Histologica (TH), international terms for human cytology and histology, had been published by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FICAT) and approved by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) at 2008. The histological-related terms have to changed by the harmonization and the unification. It has more perfect Korean spelling standardization system compared with the Korean embryological terms of the fourth edition of the Korean-English Anatomical Terminology (1996) because of lacking the recent revised references in the embryological terms in humans. The fifth edition of the Korean Medical Association: Medical Terminology (KMA-MT) has been published at 2009. The Korean version of the NEV terms has some inadequate terms that should be corrected with the harmonization with KMA-MT (2009). I hope that the harmonization and standardization of the English/Korean of the veterinary anatomical terminology will be useful in the future evolution of terminology.

Practical Guide to Medical English Abbreviation

Currently we are living in an era of abbreviations. In almost every field of modern societies including government, military, hi-tech areas, and especially Internet communications, linguistic shortcuts have ever grown fast and furiously. Abbreviated words may save time and space and energy, however, may cause confusion and errors. These shortened forms of words or phrases include acronyms, clippings, contractions, blends, symbols and some slangs. Traditionally healthcare fields using rather a long terminology have utilized abbreviations and symbols in repeated and busy practices as well as in medical writings. Here how to make and use abbreviations especially in the field of medicine is reviewed and discussed. In order to coin a new abbreviation in a manuscript, it is advisable to follow certain principles to make an acceptable shortened form.

On the Fourth Edition of the Korean Medical Terminology

Most of the former Korean medical terminologies consist of terms based on Chinese characters. The fourth edition of the Korean medical terminology was published in February 2001. Many terms originating from the native Korean language appear in this new edition. The background and process of publishment of this fourth edition are herein presented.

A Comparative Study on the 'Sign or Symptom' Concepts of the UMLS(Unified Medical Language System) and Clinical Terms in Korean Medical Records / 대한의료정보학회지

The UMLS is a long-term NLM research and development effort designed to facilitate the retrieval and integration of information from multiple machine-readable biomedical information sources. It is one of the most comprehensive medical terminology systems. The UMLS is to make available to develop systems such as information retrieval, decision-making support system, natural language processing, and voice recognition in medical fields because it can be easily integrated with other systems or databases. It is now support about 15 languages like French, German, Finnish, and Spanish. The goal of this paper is to estimate the availabilities and usefulness that when we will apply the electronic medical records system and then support to Korean medical vocabulary integration. We tested mapping between chief complaint extracted from the discharge records in Seoul National University Hospital and the UMLS sign or symptom concepts term. Among 35% of chief complaint of the SNUH were Conceptually matched with the UMLS Sign or Symptom concepts. Most of 58% these terms were such that diagnosis, operation names, clinical laboratory test not Sign or Symptom terms. The rest terms of 7% were not found in the UMLS or these terms that different application of used concepts. While the UMLS terms are so specific and diverse about patients sign or symptom, we used simplified and usually based on the anatomical region records. Through this study, we exposed underlying of flaws currently in use clinical terms and analyzed the differences of expression patterns in clinical records between the two vocabulary system, we propose the UMLS application of Korean medical vocabulary translation with appropriateness and Interoperability of the UMLS for development the Korean medical technologies.

Family physicians'concept of 'neurotic'as a medical terminology

BACKGROUND: A good doctor-patient relationship should be based on mutual understanding and reliance. Proper conversation and same understanding of the use of this terminology is needed. This study was designed to make a comerstone to establish appropriate medical terminology by means of investigation of the meaning of 'neurotic' among family' physicians. METHOD: A questionnaire was sent to 971 family doctors registered as regular members in the Korean Academy of Family Medicine. We analysed 184 returned questionnaires. We calculated the percent for each item. Chi-square test used to analyse demographic characteristics and compare whether the word 'neurotic' has been used or not, and whether it was a proper medical terminology or not. RESULT: 82.6% of responders(152/184) were used to 'neurotic' as a medical terminology. Doctors in their thirties were the least using group(78.7%) and doctors working in university hospitals rarely used them being statistically significant (p<0.000). 82.5% of the doctors in using 'neurotic' responded it is not an appropriate terminology. The most frequent situation in using it was 'patient appealed organic symptom without abnormal lab result'(51.1%). The target diseases were not organic disorders such as functional dyspepsia(64.1%), tension headache(58.5%), psychosomatic or somatoform disorder(54.9%). 59% of the patients diagnosed as 'neurotic' gave unsatisfying responses. Family doctors recommended substituting to terminology such as 'functional'(33%), 'psychogenic'(31.8%), and 'stress-induced'(25.0%). CONCLUSION: Most family doctors were used to the word 'neurotic' but they did not think it was an appropriate terminology. There fore, other substitute words should be faken into consideration.

Computer for the Learning of Korean Medical Terminology / 한국의학교육

For the better learning of Korean medical terminology, the use of computer assisted learning program, terminology dictionary in word processor and making a homepage for the terminology were proposed. The method for the realization of above three kinds was also discussed.